Nigeria is a patchwork of distinctive regions, including deserts, plains, swamps, mountains, and steamy jungles. As a colony, it was initially divided into the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate. John A. Ayoade, and Adeoye A. Akinsanya, eds. These included Islamic empires in northern Nigeria and smaller organized political groupings in southern Nigeria. Nigeria first became a republic in 1963, but succumbed to military rule after a bloody coup d'tat in 1966. Notably, as First Speaker of the House, Jaja Wachuku received Nigeria's Instrument of Independence, also known as Freedom Charter, on 1 October 1960, from Princess Alexandra of Kent, the Queen's representative at the Nigerian independence ceremonies. [74], The Federation of Nigeria was granted full independence on 1 October 1960 under a constitution that provided for a parliamentary government and a substantial measure of self-government for the country's three regions. History The Igbo people are derived from Eri, a heavenly person who was sent from heaven to start civilization, according to Igbo tradition. The public response convinced Babangida of intense opposition to an economic recession. Thus the North dominated the federation government from the beginning of independence. [41] He remained incommunicado for 50 days, by which time rumours were rife that he had died. Foreign scholars often associated with the school include Michael Crowder, Abdullahi Amith, J. Rather than relaxing colonial strictures in gratitude after the war, the European presence in Africa intensified. The Igala are an ethnic group of Nigeria. Foreign exchange earnings and government revenues increased spectacularly with the oil price rises of 197374. Concurrently the Saifawa Dynasty of Borno conquered Kanem and extended control west to Hausa cities not under Songhai authority. Each king is a ritual reproduction of Eri. [109], Nigeria's Democracy day was originally celebrated on May 29, every year since General Olusegun Obasanjo emerged President in 1999. Other eroded surfaces, such as the Udi-Nsukka escarpment (see Udi-Nsukka Plateau), rise abruptly above the plains at elevations of at least 1,000 feet (300 metres). Nigeria - the Origin, Meaning and Principality. Nigerian relations with the US, cool during the war, are improving, but France may be seen as the future patron. This often leads to major explosions and high death tolls. Their history is reflected in the Bayajidda legend,[37] which describes the adventures of the Baghdadi hero Bayajidda culminating in the killing of the snake in the well of Daura and the marriage with the local queen magajiya Daurama. In the 15th century the region brought under central control is a mere seventy-miles across (people and places being harder to subdue in the tropical forest than on the savanna), though a century later Benin stretches from the Niger delta in the east to Lagos in the west. Nigeria gained its independence from Britain in 1960. Borno reached its pinnacle under mai Idris Aloma (ca. The party leadership under Awolowo disagreed and replaced Akintola as premier of the West with one of their own supporters. Queen Elizabeth II was monarch of Nigeria and head of state, and Nigeria was a member of the British Commonwealth of Nations. Finidi George was the first Nigerian to play and score in the UCL semi-final as Ajax defeated Bayern Munich 5-2 at the Amsterdam Arena in the second leg to win 5-2 on aggregate in 1995. The name Nigeria formulated by a British journalist Flora Shaw who later got married to Lord Frederick Lugard, the mastermind behind the creation of our beloved nation. History & Background. This was to commemorate the June 12th election of 1993, and the events that surrounded it. The young Audu, who was an aspirant in last Friday's APC primary in Kogi State, described the primary as a highly compromised and fraudulent process characterized by unprecedented irregularities. In September 2001, over 2,000 people were killed in inter-religious rioting in Jos. Obasanjo was reelected in 2003. Large freshwater swamps give way to brackish mangrove thickets near the seacoast. In the historic 12 June 1993 presidential elections, which most observers deemed to be Nigeria's fairest, early returns indicated that wealthy Yoruba businessman M. K. O. Abiola won a decisive victory. ", This page was last edited on 10 April 2023, at 11:20. Hundreds of ethnic Hausa were killed in reprisal attacks in south-eastern Nigeria. It was very modern, however, in the sources used. The President moved quickly and retired hundreds of military officers holding political positions, established a blue-ribbon panel to investigate human rights violations, released scores of persons held without charge, and rescinded numerous questionable licenses and contracts left by the previous regimes. [35], The mai employed his mounted bodyguard and an inchoate army of nobles to extend Kanem's authority into Borno. Jaja Wachuku replaced Sir Frederick Metcalfe of Britain. In May 1999 violence erupted in Kaduna State over the succession of an Emir resulting in more than 100 deaths. Following the breakup of Mali, a local leader named Sonni Ali (14641492) founded the Songhai Empire in the region of middle Niger and western Sudan and took control of the trans-Saharan trade. South of Kano the mixed soils contain locally derived granite and loess (wind-borne deposits). [16], The Hausa Kingdoms were first mentioned by Ya'qubi in the 9th century and they were by the 15th-century vibrant trading centers competing with KanemBornu and the Mali Empire. In February 2010, Goodluck Jonathan began serving as acting president in the absence of Yaradua. The central region has hills and plateaus. [37] Contemporary historical scholarship views this legend as an allegory similar to many in that region of Africa that probably referenced a major event, such as a shift in ruling dynasties. The Etymological Origins of the Word Nigeria The name Niger-ia, or Nigger area was given to that country by the mistress of one of the most evil-minded genocidal murders of Muurs named Lord (Bloodclat!) A number of oracles and local cults attracted devotees while the central deity, the earth mother and fertility figure Ala, was venerated at shrines throughout Igboland. On 29 May 2015, Buhari was sworn in as President of Nigeria, becoming the first opposition figure to win a presidential election since independence in 1960. 34 sought to do away with the whole federal structure under which the Nigerian government had been organised since independence. Archaeological findings pieced together show that by the . By tradition, the territory was conferred on the heir to the throne to govern during his apprenticeship. In November 1999, the army destroyed the town of Odi, Bayelsa State and killed scores of civilians in retaliation for the murder of 12 policemen by a local gang. Alternate titles: Federal Republic of Nigeria, Emeritus Lecturer in the Modern History of Africa, University of Oxford; Emeritus Fellow of St. Antony's College, Oxford. In the 1980s Nigerian scholarship, in general, began to decline, and the Ibadan School was hugely affected. 3.0 MAIN CONTENT 3.1 Origin of NAN A new development in the history of the mass media in Nigeria took place in 1976 with the establishment of an independent wire service-the NAN by the Federal Government. Their homeland, the former Igala Kingdom, is an approximately triangular area of about 14,000 km2 (5,400 sq mi) in the angle formed by the Benue and Niger rivers. The neighbouring Republic of Niger takes its name from the same river. According to the Bayajidda legend, the Hausa states were founded by the sons of Bayajidda, a prince whose origin differs by tradition, but official canon records him as the person who married the last Kabara of Daura and heralded the end of the matriarchal monarchs that had erstwhile ruled the Hausa people. The school's output appears in the "Ibadan History Series."[111]. However, the republic was short-lived, as the military seized power again in 1983 and later ruled for ten years. The name Nigeria was taken from the Niger River running through the country. Chairs were thrown and one member grabbed the parliamentary Mace and wielded it like a weapon to attack the Speaker and other members. Yar'Adua's Hausa-Fulani background gave him a political base in the northern regions of Nigeria, while Goodluck does not have the same ethnic and religious affiliations. The country became independent on October 1, 1960, and in 1963 adopted a republican constitution but elected to stay a member of the Commonwealth. Olusegun Obasanjo inherited a country suffering economic stagnation and the deterioration of most democratic institutions. Kingdoms west of the River Niger like Aboh (Abo), which was significantly populated by Igbos among other tribes, dominated trade along the lower River Niger area from the 17th century until European explorations into the Niger delta. In this Nok work, the head is dramatically larger than the body supporting it, yet the figure possesses elegant details and a powerful focus. [13] Nigeria first became a republic in 1963, but succumbed to military rule after a bloody coup d'tat in 1966. One of the first sub-Saharan African countries to achieve this feat, Nigeria, which at the time had over 250 minor ethnic groups and three major ethnic groups (Hausa, Igbo, and Yoruba), was poised to be a shining example on the continent. Many of the domestic journals, including the Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria, faltered and were only published rarely, if at all.[112]. Nigerias major soil zones conform to geographic location. [80] Some of the Young Majors were arrested and detained by the Ironsi government. Their nearest linguistic relatives are the Igala who live on the opposite side of the Niger's divergence from the Benue, and from whom they are believed to have split about 2,000 years ago. There was a fierce legal battle over the results, with the legitimacy of the victory at stake.[91][92]. The period of British rule lasted until 1960 when an independence movement led to the country being granted independence. Evidence of iron smelting has also been excavated at sites in the Nsukka region of southeast Nigeria in what is now Igboland: dating to 2,000 BC at the site of Lejja[28][29] and to 750 BC at the site of Opi. Breunig, Peter. By Hameed Ajibola Jimoh Esq", "Nigerian Diaspora and Remittances: Transparency and market development", https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/igbo/hd_igbo.htm, "Nigeria EARLY HISTORY Sourced from The Library of Congress Country Studies", "The architecture and chemistry of a dug-out: the Dufuna Canoe in ethno-archaeological perspective", "Nigeria: Dufuna Canoe: a Bridge Across 8,000 Years", "The Nok of Nigeria - Archaeology Magazine Archive", "Iron and its influence on the prehistoric site of Lejja", "Early West African Metallurgies: New Data and Old Orthodoxy", "Kanem-Bornu | historical empire, Africa | Britannica", "Islamic Schools, the Ulama, and the State in the Educational Development of Northern Nigeria", "Bayajidda HAUSA Historical Legend Myth or Reality", "The Evolution of the Aro Confederacy in Southeastern Nigeria, 1690-1720. The oldest fossil remains found by archaeologists in the southwestern area of Iwo Eleru, near Akure, have been dated to about 9000 bce. In subsequent attempts to reconvene the Western parliament, similar disturbances broke out. He later attempted to renege on this decision, but without popular and military support, he was forced to hand over to Ernest Shonekan, a prominent nonpartisan businessman. At the same time, rival schools developed. In the 14th century, however, dynastic conflict forced the then-ruling group and its followers to relocate in Borno, as a result the Kanuri emerged as an ethnic group in the late 14th and 15th centuries. Igbo gods, like those of the Yoruba, were numerous, but their relationship to one another and human beings was essentially egalitarian, reflecting Igbo society as a whole. [35], Borno's prosperity depended on the trans-Sudanic slave trade and the desert trade in salt and livestock. In response, petroleum workers called a strike demanding that Abacha release Abiola and hand over power to him. The source of the Aro Confederacy's economic dominance was based on the judicial oracle of Ibini Ukpabi ("Long Juju") and their military forces which included powerful allies such as Ohafia, Abam, Ezza, and other related neighboring states. ); terracotta; Muse du quai Branly. Many Fulani moved into Hausaland and Borno, and their arrival increased tensions because they had no loyalty to the political authorities, who saw them as a source of increased taxation. When? Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [62][63], The Arochukwu kingdom emerged after the Aro-Ibibio Wars from 1630 to 1720, and went on to form the Aro Confederacy which economically dominated Eastern Nigerian hinterland. The entire territory of the Royal Niger Company came into the hands of the British government. Additionally, the Ironsi government was unable to produce a constitution acceptable to all sections of the country. federal republic with two legislative houses (Senate [109]; House of Representatives [360]), Kingdoms and empires of precolonial Nigeria, Controversies surrounding the 2007 presidential election, Nigeria under Umaru Musa YarAdua and Goodluck Jonathan, The 2015 elections and electorate concerns, Recession, fight against corruption, and insecurity, Which Country Is Larger By Population? However, Nigerias most diverse feature is its people. In April 1990 mid-level officers attempted unsuccessfully to overthrow the government and 69 accused plotters were executed after secret trials before military tribunals. Most fateful for the Ironsi government was the decision to issue Decree No. A student reacts during a parade to commemorate Nigeria's 55th Independence Day in Lagos, October 1, 2015. On 11 June 1994 Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola declared himself president and went into hiding until his arrest on 23 June. [67] From 1725 until 1750, roughly 17,000 enslaved Africans were sold from Calabar to European slave traders; from 1772 to 1775, the number soared to over 62,000. Modern Nigeria dates from 1914, when the British Protectorates of Northern and Southern Nigeria were joined. circa 11th century onwards - Formation of city states, kingdoms and empires, including Hausa kingdoms and Borno. In its prime, they also dominated the Kingdom of Dahomey (now located in the modern day Republic of Benin). Updates? They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. [94] Abacha dissolved all democratic institutions and replaced elected governors with military officers. In an attempt to alleviate such problems Abubakar's government implemented a civil service pay raise and other reforms. Abacha died of heart failure on 8 June 1998 and was replaced by General Abdulsalami Abubakar. On the 31st of December 1899 the charter for the Royal Niger Company was revoked by the British government, and the sum of 865,000 was paid to the company as compensation. [38][39] Today the Hausa people now reside in the Northern part of Nigeria.[40]. However, the bloody nature of the Young Majors coup caused another coup to be carried out by General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi. The leading scholars of the Ibadan School include Saburi Biobaku, Kenneth Dike, J. F. A. Ajayi, Adiele Afigbo, E. A. Ayandele, O. Ikime and Tekena Tamuno. British cultural influence is strong but its political influence is declining. The school was characterised by its overt Nigerian nationalism and it was geared towards forging a Nigerian identity through publicizing the glories of pre-colonial history. Historically, the Yoruba people have been the dominant group on the west bank of the Niger. Thus, the AG was reduced to an opposition role in their own stronghold.[77]. The troops are poorly trained and disciplined and some of the officers are turning to conspiracies and plotting. The constitution includes provisions for a bicameral legislature, the National Assembly consisting of a 360-member House of Representatives and a 109-member Senate. The weakness of a popular theory that Igbos were stateless rests on the paucity of historical evidence of pre-colonial Igbo society. Later groups like the Igala traders from the hinterland settled in Onitsha in the 18th century. On 17 August 1994, the government dismissed the leadership of the NLC and the petroleum unions, placed the unions under appointed administrators, and arrested Frank Kokori and other labor leaders. [34], Borno's history is closely associated with Kanem, which had achieved imperial status in the Lake Chad basin by the 13th century. 4 January 2016. The Kingdom of Nri was a religio-polity, a sort of theocratic state, that developed in the central heartland of the Igbo region. Author of, Professor of Geography, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Acceptance of Islam was gradual and was often nominal in the countryside where folk religion continued to exert a strong influence. Key Facts. The famous Kano Chronicle records the conversion of Kano's ruling dynasty by clerics from Mali, demonstrating that the imperial influence of Mali extended far to the east. The military rivalries of the Hausa states strained the region's economic resources at a time when drought and famine undermined farmers and herders. [108], The ruling All Progressives Congress (APC) candidate, Bola Tinubu, won the February 2023 presidential election to succeed Muhammadu Buhari as the next president of Nigeria. Nigeria is a West African country occupying an area of 923,769 sq. This continued until the BBC aired an interview that was allegedly done via telephone from the president's sick bed in Saudi Arabia. The situation is uncertain, with Nigeria, ..is sliding downhill faster and faster, with less and less chance unity and stability. There's no documented date for exactly what day and month Nigeria got her name. Now called Calabar, the city remained an important port shipping ivory, timber, beeswax, and palm produce until 1916, when the railway terminus was opened at Port Harcourt, 145km to the west.[71]. The Nigerian Civil War led some to question whether Nigeria was, in fact, a unified nation with a national history. ", Ogbeidi, Michael M. "Political leadership and corruption in Nigeria since 1960: A socio-economic analysis. He was assassinated on 13 February 1976 in an abortive coup and his chief of staff Lt. Gen. Olusegun Obasanjo became head of state. In a move towards greater autonomy to minority ethnic groups, the military divided the four regions into 12 states. On 1 October 1995 Abacha announced the timetable for a three-year transition to civilian rule. The Igbos were accepted as fellow citizens in many parts of Nigeria, but not in some areas of former Biafra where they were once dominant. The Southwest part of Nigeria was formed recently as a nation by 850, it was also established as the basics of the Eastern Akan tribes. However, the opposition had accusations of electoral fraud in polls. ), width: 50cm (19.6in. The U.S. intelligence community concluded in November 1970 that "The Nigerian Civil War ended with relatively little rancour. [24], Stone axe heads, imported in great quantities from the north and used in opening the forest for agricultural development, were venerated by the Yoruba descendants of Neolithic pioneers as "thunderbolts" hurled to earth by the gods. Major General Muhammadu Buhari emerged as the leader of the Supreme Military Council (SMC), the country's new ruling body. The eyes and the eyebrows suggest an inner calm or an inner serenity. [89] All five parties won representation in the National Assembly. It might suggest speech and that the figure has something to tell us. The Yoruba-dominated AG became the opposition under its charismatic leader Chief Obafemi Awolowo. Kanem expanded westward to include the area that became Borno. Other states where Igalas can be found are Anambra, Delta and Benue states. [75] and the Action Group (AG) was a left-leaning party that represented the interests of the Yoruba people in the West. To them, being civilized meant being Christianized. [36], The Hausa Kingdoms were a collection of states started by the Hausa people, situated between the Niger River and Lake Chad. ), height: 54cm (21.2in. "A political history of Nigeria and the crisis of ethnicity in nation-building. [81] In the Northern Region, however, the Hausa and Fulani people demanded that the detainees be placed on trial for murder.[81]. Nigeria, country located on the western coast of Africa. The Hausa Kingdoms began as seven states founded according to the Bayajidda legend by the six sons of Bawo, the unique son of the hero and the queen Magajiya Daurama in addition to the hero's son, Biram or Ibrahim, of an earlier marriage. During the 1950s prior to independence, oil was discovered off the coast of Nigeria. The country's landscape features plains in the north and south. [68], With the suppression of the slave trade,[69] palm oil and palm kernels became the main exports. The Young Majors went into hiding. In December 1991 state legislative elections were held and Babangida decreed that previously banned politicians could contest in primaries scheduled for August. [107] On 29 May 2019, Muhammadu Buhari was sworn in for a second term as Nigeria's president, after winning the presidential election in February 2019. Though those efforts have been hard to come by, as many violent ethnic and religious clashes occurred in the late 1990s and early 2000s, Nigeria has continued to face governmental, ethnic, religious, health related, educational, economic, and other issues ("Nigeria"). The election was marred by electoral fraud, and denounced by other candidates and international observers.[102][103]. A separatist movement later formed the Republic of Biafra in 1967, leading to the three-year Nigerian Civil War. The Federal government was given exclusive powers in defence, foreign relations, and commercial and fiscal policy. Cotton grew readily in the great plains of these states, and they became the primary producers of cloth, weaving and dying it before sending it off in caravans to the other states within Hausaland and to extensive regions beyond. The Akintola faction argued that the Yoruba peoples were losing their pre-eminent position in business in Nigeria to people of the Igbo tribe because the Igbo-dominated NCNC was part of the governing coalition and the AG was not. Problems exist with inflation, internal debt, and a huge military budget, competing with popular demands for government services. Efforts to eliminate or control these religious leaders only heightened the tensions, setting the stage for jihad. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Trans-Saharan trade routes linked the western Sudan with the Mediterranean since the time of Carthage and with the Upper Nile from a much earlier date, establishing avenues of communication and cultural influence that remained open until the end of the 19th century. Ecological and political instability provided the background for the jihad of Usman dan Fodio. The mai (king) of Kanem and his court accepted Islam in the 11th century, as the western empires also had done. [41] They are called the Banza Bakwai meaning Bastard or Bogus Seven on account of their ancestress' slave status.[41]. Characteristic landforms in this region include oxbow lakes, river meander belts (see meander), and prominent levees. In 1914, the area was formally united as the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria. A constituent assembly was elected in 1977 to draft a new constitution, which was published on 21 September 1978, when the ban on political activity was lifted. On 1 October 1954, the colony became the autonomous Federation of Nigeria. , leading to the throne to govern during his apprenticeship popular theory Igbos. Relations, and denounced by other candidates and international observers. [ 77 ] commemorate Nigeria #... ] Nigeria first became a Republic in 1963, but France may be some discrepancies often to... 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